{"id":1653,"date":"2021-10-20T10:13:50","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T08:13:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edu.ge.ch\/site\/ressources-enseignement-histoire\/?p=1653"},"modified":"2022-01-05T11:53:46","modified_gmt":"2022-01-05T10:53:46","slug":"intelligence-collective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.ge.ch\/site\/ressources-enseignement-histoire\/histoire-et-numerique\/rapport-au-savoir\/intelligence-collective\/","title":{"rendered":"Intelligence collective"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-1653\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-1653-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-1653-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1653-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Wikip\u00e9dia et l\u2019auto-organisation<\/h3>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p><span class=\"UpperCase\">Cardon<\/span> Dominique, \u00ab\u00a0Wikip\u00e9dia et l\u2019auto-organisation\u00a0\u00bb, dans : , <i>Culture num\u00e9rique. <\/i>sous la direction de <span class=\"UpperCase\">Cardon<\/span> Dominique. Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, \u00ab\u00a0Hors collection\u00a0\u00bb, 2019, p. 123-132.<\/p>\n<p><em>On en apprend beaucoup en quelques pages qui d\u00e9crivent l'organisation et le travail de r\u00e9gulation qui permettent un tel fonctionnement. Bien commun, contributions, proc\u00e9dures collectives, r\u00e9partition des droits, participation \u00e0 la gouvernance, surveillance, gestion des conflits, etc.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Il faut acheter la suite de cet article... Mais peut-\u00eatre l'ouvrage est-il d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans votre Cedoc?<\/em><\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/ge.ch\/edufloraopac\/ark:\/123456\/0011063504\">Cliquez ici pour consulter la liste sur Flora<\/a><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Wikip\u00e9dia est l\u2019entreprise collective la plus audacieuse jamais r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du web. Miracle sociologique auquel personne ne croyait, l\u2019encyclop\u00e9die en ligne offre un exemple parfait de bien commun, d\u2019innovation ascendante et d\u2019intelligence collective. La grande originalit\u00e9 de son fonctionnement est de permettre \u00e0 une foule d\u2019internautes de produire des contributions d\u2019une qualit\u00e9 surprenante sans que l\u2019on ait au pr\u00e9alable v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 leurs comp\u00e9tences.<br \/>\nLorsqu\u2019il fonde Nupedia, future Wikip\u00e9dia, en mars 2000, Jimmy Wales envisage de cr\u00e9er une encyclop\u00e9die gratuite de tous les savoirs en demandant \u00e0 des experts de chaque domaine d\u2019\u00e9crire des articles. Il confie \u00e0 Larry Sanger, un jeune philosophe, la t\u00e2che de rassembler les articles, mais il appara\u00eet tr\u00e8s vite que les experts \u2013 \u00e0 qui Sanger demande m\u00eame de lui faxer leur dipl\u00f4me de PhD pour v\u00e9rifier leurs comp\u00e9tences \u2013 ne sont pas dispos\u00e9s \u00e0 contribuer gratuitement. Au bout d\u2019une ann\u00e9e, Nupedia a rassembl\u00e9 moins de vingt articles. Larry Sanger profite toutefois de cette p\u00e9riode de collecte pour ouvrir, en janvier 2001, un site de discussion des articles \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une technologie nouvelle, invent\u00e9e par l\u2019informaticien am\u00e9ricain Ward Cunningham en 1995, le wiki. Un wiki permet \u00e0 quiconque d\u2019\u00e9crire, d\u2019effacer et de corriger des pages du web \u00e0 partir d\u2019une utilisation ing\u00e9nieuse du lien hypertexte. Le site, qui n\u2019est \u00e0 l\u2019origine destin\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00e0 discuter des articles avant leur publication, s\u2019appelle Wikip\u00e9dia.<br \/>\nOr, si d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9 les experts ne rendent pas leurs articles pour Nupedia, de l\u2019autre les internautes discutent avec passion les articles sur Wikip\u00e9dia et produisent eux-m\u00eames des contributions tr\u00e8s pertinentes sans pour autant \u00eatre des experts patent\u00e9s\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-1653-0-1\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1653-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Lire un texte sur Wikip\u00e9dia<\/h3>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Tricot Andr\u00e9, Rafenomanjato Jean, \u00ab Le num\u00e9rique et le m\u00e9tier d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00bb, Herm\u00e8s, La Revue, 2017\/2 (n\u00b0 78), p. 142-150. DOI : 10.3917\/herm.078.0142<\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-hermes-la-revue-2017-2-page-142.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L'article<\/a><\/pre>\n<p id=\"pa31\" class=\"para\">(...) Il est probable que les humains n\u2019aient jamais autant lu qu\u2019aujourd\u2019hui. Aux \u00c9tats-Unis par exemple, les adultes passent 4 h 30 heures \u00e0 lire par jour en moyenne, contre 1 h 46 il y a 40 ans (White <em class=\"marquage italique\">et al.<\/em>, 2010). Si l\u2019on compare les 40 ans qui s\u00e9parent 1970 et 2010 aux 5 000 ans qui s\u00e9parent l\u2019invention de l\u2019\u00e9criture de 1970, alors on est oblig\u00e9 de convenir combien Umberto Eco avait raison\u00a0: l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des ordinateurs dans notre vie, c\u2019est d\u2019abord du temps de lecture en plus. <strong>Wikip\u00e9dia<\/strong> est devenu l\u2019un des dix sites les plus visit\u00e9s au monde, le premier ayant une vis\u00e9e \u00e9ducative. L\u2019int\u00e9gration de l\u2019encyclop\u00e9die dans les pratiques informationnelles est si forte (Tricot, Sahut et Lemari\u00e9, 2016) que le d\u00e9nombrement des consultations de ses articles et des modifications dont ils font l\u2019objet permet de pr\u00e9voir la propagation des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies de grippe ou de dengue plusieurs jours \u00e0 l\u2019avance, ou encore le succ\u00e8s d\u2019un film dans les salles de cin\u00e9ma avant m\u00eame sa sortie. Une caract\u00e9ristique importante de Wikip\u00e9dia r\u00e9side dans le fait que les auteurs de chaque article sont non seulement plusieurs, mais inconnus du lecteur. Enfin, le syst\u00e8me des liens hypertextes permet au lecteur de cliquer sur un mot qui va l\u2019emmener en quelques dixi\u00e8mes de secondes vers un autre article, alors qu\u2019il ou elle n\u2019a pas fini de lire le premier. En quoi consiste donc la t\u00e2che de lecture compr\u00e9hension d\u2019un texte sur Wikip\u00e9dia\u00a0? C\u2019est sans doute une t\u00e2che extr\u00eamement exigeante, o\u00f9 comprendre d\u00e9pend de la capacit\u00e9 du lecteur \u00e0 \u00e9laborer un mod\u00e8le des sources multiples (Braten <em class=\"marquage italique\">et al.<\/em>, 2011), mais aussi de la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 g\u00e9rer son but de lecture pendant qu\u2019on lit, et enfin, de la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9valuer la qualit\u00e9, la fiabilit\u00e9 et la pertinence de l\u2019information que l\u2019on traite. C\u2019est bien une profonde mutation de la t\u00e2che de lecture qui est op\u00e9r\u00e9e. (pp.147-148)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-1653-1\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-1653-1-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1653-1-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-1653-1-1\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1653-1-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wikipedia comme exemple de ce que permet la collaboration, la gestion d&rsquo;un bien commun ouverte \u00e0 chacun-e.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1656,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[67],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-rapport-au-savoir"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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